{"id":12865,"date":"2024-10-16T12:00:01","date_gmt":"2024-10-16T12:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/?p=12865"},"modified":"2024-10-16T19:58:51","modified_gmt":"2024-10-16T19:58:51","slug":"uncovering-clues-to-cancer-is-genetic-testing-for-you","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/2024\/10\/16\/uncovering-clues-to-cancer-is-genetic-testing-for-you\/","title":{"rendered":"Uncovering Clues to Cancer: Is Genetic Testing for You?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-12867 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/files\/2023\/09\/iStock-1480574526-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Uncovering Clues to Cancer: Is Genetic Testing for You? \" width=\"700\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/files\/2023\/09\/iStock-1480574526-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/files\/2023\/09\/iStock-1480574526-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/files\/2023\/09\/iStock-1480574526-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/files\/2023\/09\/iStock-1480574526-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/files\/2023\/09\/iStock-1480574526-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/files\/2023\/09\/iStock-1480574526-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Despite advances in screening and treatment, cancer continues to affect millions of people worldwide. Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the U.S. \u2014 only heart disease takes more lives.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/2024\/10\/16\/uncovering-clues-to-cancer-is-genetic-testing-for-you\/#espanol\">Para leer en Espa\u00f1ol, por favor haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Although most cancers are associated with lifestyle, environmental factors, or unknown factors, some cancers can be result from genetic changes that run in families. \u00a0Research indicates that as many as 10% of all cancers are hereditary.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/Common\/PopUps\/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000797096&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=en\">family cancer syndrome<\/a>,\u00a0also called a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/Common\/PopUps\/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000754220&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=en\">hereditary cancer syndrome<\/a>, is a disorder in which family members have a higher-than-average risk of developing certain cancers. With\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/genetics\/overview-pdq#_123\">some family cancer syndromes<\/a>, individuals tend to develop cancer at an early age or have other noncancer health conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Genetic testing for cancer-related gene mutations can provide important information about your risk for having certain types of cancer.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAlthough no genetic test can determine for certain that an individual will have cancer, it can tell if you are at increased risk,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cooperhealth.org\/doctors\/alexandra-barbarese-ms\">Alexandra Barbarese<\/a>, Certified Genetic Counselor at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cooperhealth.org\/services\/cancer-genetics-program\">William G. Rohrer Cancer Genetics Program<\/a> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cooperhealth.org\/services\/md-anderson-cancer-center-cooper\">MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper<\/a>. \u201cHaving this information gives you the opportunity to take preventive steps, take part in a monitoring plan for early cancer detection, and even decide if you want to explore preventative treatment, if appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In addition to helping identify individuals at high risk for cancer who may benefit from earlier diagnosis and treatment options, genetic testing can help them understand their chance of passing certain genetic conditions on to their children and identify other at-risk family members.<\/p>\n<h3>Who Should Consider Genetic Testing?<\/h3>\n<p>MD Anderson at Cooper applies best practices from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) when recommending genetic testing. The NCCN criteria for genetic testing include, but are not limited to, the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cancer diagnosed at a relatively young age\n<ul>\n<li>Example(s): colon, uterine, or breast cancer diagnosed at age 50 or younger<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Several different types of cancer occurring in the same individual<\/li>\n<li>Several close relatives (parents, siblings, children) with the same kind of cancer\n<ul>\n<li>Example: a woman, her daughter, and her sister with breast cancer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Specific\/rare types of cancer\n<ul>\n<li>Example: ovarian or pancreatic cancer diagnosed at any age<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Unusual cases of a specific type of cancer\n<ul>\n<li>Example: breast cancer in a man<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>What&#8217;s Involved in Genetic Testing for Cancer?<\/h3>\n<p>Typically, testing is conducted on a blood sample or, sometimes, a saliva sample. However, before any testing occurs at MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, Barbarese or one of her four certified, licensed genetic counselor colleagues complete an in-depth interview with the patient.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;We spend about an hour with each patient. We obtain their medical history, which includes previous or current cancer diagnoses and any age-appropriate routine screening, such as mammograms or colonoscopies,\u201d Barbarese says. \u201cWe also take a detailed family history with regards to cancer.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe then discuss what the genetic testing involves, the different types of genetic test results, and how those results might affect care management moving forward,\u201d she adds. \u201cAnd, of course, we answer any questions the patient might have.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The conversation also addresses topics like insurance coverage, the cost of testing, and how results and disclosures are handled. Genetic test results are typically relayed to patients via phone or during an in-person, follow-up appointment.<\/p>\n<h3>What Happens if Test Results Are Positive?<\/h3>\n<p>Individuals who test positive or are still considered at high risk based on family history will receive all the support they need from the MD Anderson at Cooper team. The cancer genetics team will discuss the patient\u2019s results, make recommendations for risk management, and plan for any needed follow-up. They can also assist in coordinating genetic testing for at-risk family members.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe serve as a home base for our patients,\u201d Barbarese says. \u201cWe discuss all of the appropriate recommendations and schedule a visit with a cancer center physician or advanced practice nurse who can make any necessary referrals to specialists or order appropriate follow-up testing, such as mammograms or colonoscopies.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Follow-up<\/h3>\n<p>Patients who are found to be at high risk or who have a genetic predisposition for a cancer should expect regular follow-up from the cancer center.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe like patients to return to the Cancer Genetic Program semi-regularly to make sure they are following our recommendations, getting necessary screenings, etc.,\u201d Barbarese says.<\/p>\n<p>Follow-up visits give providers the chance to discuss any updates to recommendations based on new scientific studies and changes to best practices.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe learn new things over time, and the NCCN guidelines are routinely updated,\u201d Barbarese says. \u201cFor example, we have seen the recommendations for breast cancer screening change over the years. We want to ensure our patients have the most up-to-date and well-supported information.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Patients who previously underwent genetic testing, regardless of their genetic test results, are also encouraged to follow up with the Cancer Genetics Program.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOver time, our genetic testing technology improves, in addition to the knowledge of hereditary cancer related genes,\u201d Barbarese explains. \u201cWe see patients return to our program who previously underwent testing but may have updates to their family history or now qualify for additional testing.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Which Cancers Are More Likely to Have a Genetic Connection?<\/h3>\n<p>While most cancers are not hereditary, studies have shown that at least 5% of the following cancer types can be considered hereditary:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Breast<\/li>\n<li>Ovarian<\/li>\n<li>Pancreatic<\/li>\n<li>Colorectal<\/li>\n<li>Prostate<\/li>\n<li>Uterine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201cThe most common hereditary cancer syndromes are hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and Lynch syndrome, which is associated with an increased risk to develop colorectal and uterine cancers, among others,\u201d Barbarese says.<\/p>\n<h3>How Are Patients Referred for Genetic Testing?<\/h3>\n<p>Barbarese said that her team receives referrals primarily from internal sources like medical oncology, radiation oncology, or gynecologic oncology. Primary care physicians, gynecologists, or gastroenterologists who know that a patient has a strong family history of cancer may also make referrals.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe also get patients who call in for themselves, which we welcome,\u201d she said. \u201cWe want to do everything we can to help people understand their risk, identify cancer early, and take steps to reduce their risk when possible.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For more information, visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cooperhealth.org\/services\/cancer-genetics-program\">William G. Rohrer Cancer Genetics Program<\/a> at MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, or call <a href=\"tel:8556322667\">855.MDA.COOPER<\/a> (<a href=\"tel:8556322667\">855.632.2667<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"espanol\"><\/a><br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Descubriendo pistas sobre el c\u00e1ncer: \u00bfson las pruebas gen\u00e9ticas para usted?<\/h2>\n<p>A pesar de los avances en la detecci\u00f3n y el tratamiento, el c\u00e1ncer sigue afectando a millones de personas en todo el mundo. El c\u00e1ncer sigue siendo la segunda causa de muerte en los EE. UU.; s\u00f3lo las enfermedades card\u00edacas cobran m\u00e1s vidas.<\/p>\n<p>Aunque la mayor\u00eda de los c\u00e1nceres est\u00e1n asociados con el estilo de vida, factores ambientales o factores desconocidos, algunos c\u00e1nceres pueden ser el resultado de cambios gen\u00e9ticos hereditarios. Las investigaciones indican que hasta el 10% de todos los c\u00e1nceres son hereditarios.<\/p>\n<p>Un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/Common\/PopUps\/popDefinition.aspx\">s\u00edndrome de c\u00e1ncer familiar<\/a>, tambi\u00e9n llamado <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/Common\/PopUps\/popDefinition.aspx\">s\u00edndrome de c\u00e1ncer hereditario<\/a>, es un trastorno en el que los miembros de la familia tienen un riesgo mayor que el promedio de desarrollar ciertos c\u00e1nceres. En algunos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/genetics\/overview-pdq\">s\u00edndromes de c\u00e1ncer familiar<\/a>, las personas tienden a desarrollar c\u00e1ncer a una edad temprana o a tener otras afecciones de salud no cancerosas.<\/p>\n<p>Las pruebas gen\u00e9ticas para detectar mutaciones gen\u00e9ticas relacionadas con el c\u00e1ncer pueden proporcionar informaci\u00f3n importante sobre su riesgo de padecer ciertos tipos de c\u00e1ncer.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Aunque ninguna prueba gen\u00e9tica puede determinar con certeza que un individuo tendr\u00e1 c\u00e1ncer, puede indicar si tiene un mayor riesgo&#8221;, dice <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cooperhealth.org\/doctors\/alexandra-barbarese-ms\">Alexandra Barbarese<\/a>, consejera gen\u00e9tica certificada del Programa de Gen\u00e9tica del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cooperhealth.org\/services\/cancer-genetics-program\">William G. Rohrer Cancer Genetics Program<\/a> en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cooperhealth.org\/services\/md-anderson-cancer-center-cooper\">MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper<\/a>. \u201cTener esta informaci\u00f3n te da la oportunidad de tomar medidas preventivas, participar en un plan de seguimiento para la detecci\u00f3n temprana del c\u00e1ncer e incluso decidir si quieres explorar un tratamiento preventivo, si corresponde\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Adem\u00e1s de ayudar a identificar a las personas con alto riesgo de c\u00e1ncer que pueden beneficiarse de un diagn\u00f3stico y opciones de tratamiento m\u00e1s tempranos, las pruebas gen\u00e9ticas pueden ayudar a las personas a comprender sus posibilidades de transmitir ciertas afecciones gen\u00e9ticas a sus hijos e identificar a otros miembros de la familia en riesgo.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00bfQui\u00e9n deber\u00eda considerar las pruebas gen\u00e9ticas?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>El MD Anderson de Cooper aplica las mejores pr\u00e1cticas de la Red Nacional Integral del C\u00e1ncer (NCCN) al recomendar pruebas gen\u00e9ticas. Los criterios de la NCCN para pruebas gen\u00e9ticas incluyen, entre otros, los siguientes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00e1ncer diagnosticado a una edad relativamente joven\n<ul>\n<li>Ejemplo(s): c\u00e1ncer de colon, \u00fatero o mama diagnosticado a los 50 a\u00f1os o menos<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Varios tipos diferentes de c\u00e1ncer ocurren en el mismo individuo<\/li>\n<li>Varios familiares cercanos (padres, hermanos, hijos) con el mismo tipo de c\u00e1ncer.\n<ul>\n<li>Ejemplo: una mujer, su hija y su hermana con c\u00e1ncer de mama<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tipos de c\u00e1ncer espec\u00edficos\/raros\n<ul>\n<li>Ejemplo: c\u00e1ncer de ovario o de p\u00e1ncreas diagnosticado a cualquier edad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Casos inusuales de un tipo espec\u00edfico de c\u00e1ncer\n<ul>\n<li>Ejemplo: c\u00e1ncer de mama en un hombre<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 implican las pruebas gen\u00e9ticas para el c\u00e1ncer?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Normalmente, las pruebas se realizan con una muestra de sangre o, a veces, con una muestra de saliva. Sin embargo, antes de que se realice cualquier prueba, Barbarese o uno de sus cuatro colegas asesores gen\u00e9ticos certificados y con licencia completan una entrevista en profundidad con el paciente.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Pasamos aproximadamente una hora con cada paciente. Obtenemos su historial m\u00e9dico, que incluye diagn\u00f3sticos de c\u00e1ncer anteriores o actuales y cualquier examen de detecci\u00f3n de rutina apropiado para su edad, como mamograf\u00edas o colonoscopias&#8221;, dice Barbarese. &#8220;Tambi\u00e9n tomamos un historial familiar detallado con respecto al c\u00e1ncer\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Luego analizamos qu\u00e9 implican las pruebas gen\u00e9ticas, los diferentes tipos de resultados de pruebas gen\u00e9ticas y c\u00f3mo esos resultados podr\u00edan afectar la gesti\u00f3n de la atenci\u00f3n en el futuro&#8221;, a\u00f1ade. \u201cY, por supuesto, respondemos cualquier pregunta que el paciente pueda tener\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>La conversaci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n aborda temas como la cobertura del seguro, el costo de las pruebas y c\u00f3mo se manejan los resultados y las divulgaciones. Los resultados de las pruebas gen\u00e9ticas generalmente se transmiten a los pacientes por tel\u00e9fono o durante una cita de seguimiento en persona.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 sucede si los resultados de la prueba son positivos?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Las personas que dan positivo o que todav\u00eda se consideran de alto riesgo seg\u00fan sus antecedentes familiares pueden recibir todo el apoyo que necesitan del equipo de MD Anderson at Cooper. El equipo de gen\u00e9tica del c\u00e1ncer analizar\u00e1 los resultados del paciente, har\u00e1 recomendaciones para la gesti\u00f3n de riesgos y planificar\u00e1 cualquier seguimiento necesario. Tambi\u00e9n pueden ayudar a coordinar las pruebas gen\u00e9ticas para miembros de la familia en riesgo.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Servimos como base para nuestros pacientes&#8221;, dice Barbarese. &#8220;Discutimos todas las recomendaciones apropiadas y programamos una visita con un m\u00e9dico del centro oncol\u00f3gico o una enfermera de pr\u00e1ctica avanzada que puede hacer las derivaciones necesarias a especialistas u ordenar las pruebas de seguimiento adecuadas, como mamograf\u00edas o colonoscopias&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hacer un seguimiento<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Los pacientes que tienen un alto riesgo o que tienen una predisposici\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica a padecer c\u00e1ncer pueden esperar un seguimiento regular por parte del centro oncol\u00f3gico.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Nos gusta que los pacientes regresen al Programa Gen\u00e9tico del C\u00e1ncer con regularidad para asegurarnos de que sigan nuestras recomendaciones, se realicen las pruebas de detecci\u00f3n necesarias, etc.&#8221;, dice Barbarese.<\/p>\n<p>Las visitas de seguimiento brindan a los proveedores la oportunidad de discutir cualquier actualizaci\u00f3n de las recomendaciones basadas en nuevos estudios cient\u00edficos y cambios en las mejores pr\u00e1cticas.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Aprendemos cosas nuevas con el tiempo y las directrices de la NCCN se actualizan peri\u00f3dicamente&#8221;, afirma Barbarese. \u201cPor ejemplo, hemos visto cambios en las recomendaciones para la detecci\u00f3n del c\u00e1ncer de mama a lo largo de los a\u00f1os. Queremos asegurarnos de que nuestros pacientes tengan la informaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s actualizada y mejor respaldada\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Tambi\u00e9n se recomienda a los pacientes que se hayan sometido previamente a pruebas gen\u00e9ticas, independientemente de los resultados de sus pruebas gen\u00e9ticas, a realizar un seguimiento con el Programa de Gen\u00e9tica del C\u00e1ncer.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Con el tiempo, nuestra tecnolog\u00eda de pruebas gen\u00e9ticas mejora, adem\u00e1s del conocimiento de los genes relacionados con el c\u00e1ncer hereditario&#8221;, explica Barbarese. &#8220;Vemos que regresan a nuestro programa pacientes que anteriormente se hab\u00edan sometido a pruebas pero que pueden tener actualizaciones en sus antecedentes familiares o ahora calificar para pruebas adicionales&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 c\u00e1nceres tienen m\u00e1s probabilidades de tener una conexi\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica?<\/p>\n<p>Si bien la mayor\u00eda de los c\u00e1nceres no son hereditarios, los estudios han demostrado que al menos el 5 % de los siguientes tipos de c\u00e1ncer pueden considerarse hereditarios:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mama<\/li>\n<li>ovario<\/li>\n<li>Pancre\u00e1tico<\/li>\n<li>colorrectal<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00f3stata<\/li>\n<li>Uterino<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201cLos s\u00edndromes de c\u00e1ncer hereditario m\u00e1s comunes son el c\u00e1ncer de mama y ovario hereditario (HBOC) y el s\u00edndrome de Lynch, que se asocia con un mayor riesgo de desarrollar c\u00e1ncer colorrectal y uterino, entre otros\u201d, dice Barbarese.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00bfC\u00f3mo se deriva a los pacientes para pruebas gen\u00e9ticas?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Barbarese dijo que su equipo recibe referencias principalmente de fuentes internas como oncolog\u00eda m\u00e9dica, oncolog\u00eda radioter\u00e1pica u oncolog\u00eda ginecol\u00f3gica. Los m\u00e9dicos de atenci\u00f3n primaria, ginec\u00f3logos o gastroenter\u00f3logos que saben que un paciente tiene antecedentes familiares importantes de c\u00e1ncer tambi\u00e9n pueden hacer derivaciones.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Tambi\u00e9n recibimos pacientes que llaman por s\u00ed mismos, lo cual es bienvenido&#8221;, dijo. &#8220;Queremos hacer todo lo posible para ayudar a las personas a comprender su riesgo, identificar el c\u00e1ncer en forma temprana y tomar medidas para reducir su riesgo cuando sea posible&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Para obtener m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n, visite el <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cooperhealth.org\/services\/cancer-genetics-program\">William G. Rohrer Cancer Genetics Program<\/a> en el MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, o llame al <a href=\"tel:8556322667\">855.MDA.COOPER<\/a> (<a href=\"tel:8556322667\">855.632.2667<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Despite advances in screening and treatment, cancer continues to affect millions of people worldwide. Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the U.S. \u2014 only heart disease takes more lives. Para leer en Espa\u00f1ol, por favor haga clic aqu\u00ed Although most cancers are associated with lifestyle, environmental factors, or unknown factors, some cancers &#8230; <span class=\"more\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/2024\/10\/16\/uncovering-clues-to-cancer-is-genetic-testing-for-you\/\">[Read more&#8230;]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"entry","1":"post","2":"publish","3":"author-tlaverty","4":"post-12865","6":"format-standard","7":"category-ehealth-connection"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Uncovering Clues to Cancer: Is Genetic Testing for You? - eHealth Connection<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.cooperhealth.org\/ehealth\/2024\/10\/16\/uncovering-clues-to-cancer-is-genetic-testing-for-you\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Uncovering Clues to Cancer: Is Genetic Testing for You? - eHealth Connection\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Despite advances in screening and treatment, cancer continues to affect millions of people worldwide. Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the U.S. \u2014 only heart disease takes more lives. Para leer en Espa\u00f1ol, por favor haga clic aqu\u00ed Although most cancers are associated with lifestyle, environmental factors, or unknown factors, some cancers ... 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